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📘 CHAPTER 1: BASIC PRODUCTION – SIMPLE PRODUCTS (SANDALS PRODUCTION)

(NSQ Level 2 – Leather Work Training Manual)

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1.1 Introduction to Basic Production in Leather Work

Basic production in leather work refers to the foundational processes involved in transforming leather materials into simple, functional products. At the NSQ Level 2 stage, trainees are introduced to practical skills that enable them to produce basic items such as sandals, belts, wallets, and small accessories.

Among these products, sandals production is one of the most important entry-level skills because it:

• Requires basic tools and materials

• Has high market demand

• Is easy to learn and practice

• Provides quick income opportunities

This chapter focuses on teaching trainees the complete process of producing simple leather sandals from start to finish.

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1.2 Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter, learners should be able to:

• Identify materials used in sandal production

• Identify tools used in making sandals

• Take accurate foot measurements

• Draft simple sandal patterns

• Cut leather materials correctly

• Assemble sandal components

• Apply finishing techniques

• Produce a complete pair of sandals

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1.3 Overview of Sandals

1.3.1 Definition of Sandals

Sandals are open footwear made from leather or other materials, consisting of a sole held to the foot by straps.

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1.3.2 Types of Sandals

• Flat sandals

• Slippers

• Strap sandals

• Palm sandals

• Casual leather sandals

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1.3.3 Components of Sandals

• Upper (straps)

• Insole

• Midsole (optional)

• Outsole

• Heel (optional)

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1.4 Materials Used in Sandals Production

1.4.1 Leather Materials

• Upper leather (soft and flexible)

• Insole leather (medium thickness)

• Outsole material (rubber, PVC, or thick leather)

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1.4.2 Auxiliary Materials

• Adhesives (glue)

• Thread (nylon or polyester)

• Nails (optional)

• Foam (for padding)

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1.4.3 Selection Criteria for Materials

• Durability

• Flexibility

• Comfort

• Cost

• Availability

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1.5 Tools and Equipment for Sandal Production

• Cutting knife

• Scissors

• Measuring tape

• Ruler

• Pencil or marker

• Punch (hole maker)

• Awl

• Hammer (mallet)

• Needles and thread

• Sandpaper

• Last (foot mold, optional)

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1.6 Safety Precautions in Sandal Production

• Always cut away from the body

• Use tools carefully

• Keep workspace clean

• Avoid inhaling glue fumes

• Wear protective gear where necessary

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1.7 Step-by-Step Process of Sandals Production

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1.7.1 Step 1: Foot Measurement

Accurate measurement ensures proper fitting.

Procedure:

• Place foot on paper

• Trace the outline

• Measure length and width

• Add allowance (0.5–1 cm)

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1.7.2 Step 2: Pattern Drafting

Patterns guide the cutting process.

Procedure:

• Draw sole shape using measurement

• Design strap pattern

• Ensure symmetry

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1.7.3 Step 3: Cutting of Materials

Procedure:

• Place pattern on leather

• Mark outlines

• Cut carefully using knife or scissors

Note: Precision is key to avoid wastage.

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1.7.4 Step 4: Preparation of Upper (Straps)

• Cut straps according to design

• Skive edges for flexibility

• Punch holes if necessary

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1.7.5 Step 5: Preparation of Sole

• Cut insole and outsole

• Smooth edges using sandpaper

• Attach foam (if required)

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1.7.6 Step 6: Assembling

Procedure:

• Apply adhesive to surfaces

• Allow glue to become tacky

• Join parts carefully

• Fix straps to sole

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1.7.7 Step 7: Stitching

• Use needle and thread

• Ensure even stitching

• Maintain tight and neat stitches

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1.7.8 Step 8: Finishing

• Trim excess materials

• Smooth edges

• Polish or apply dye

• Inspect for defects

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1.8 Quality Control in Sandal Production

1.8.1 Quality Checks

• Proper fitting

• Strong bonding

• Neat stitching

• Smooth finishing

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1.8.2 Common Defects

• Uneven cutting

• Weak glue bonding

• Loose stitching

• Poor finishing

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1.9 Maintenance of Tools During Production

• Clean tools after use

• Sharpen knives regularly

• Store tools properly

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1.10 Time Management in Production

• Plan tasks before starting

• Work systematically

• Avoid wastage of time and materials

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1.11 Costing and Pricing (Basic Introduction)

Cost Elements:

• Materials

• Labour

• Overhead

Pricing:

• Add profit margin

• Consider market demand

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1.12 Practical Exercises

Exercise 1

Trace and cut a sandal sole

Exercise 2

Produce a simple strap design

Exercise 3

Make a complete pair of sandals

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1.13 Instructor Notes

• Demonstrate each step clearly

• Supervise students closely

• Correct errors immediately

• Encourage neatness and creativity

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1.14 Summary

This chapter introduced learners to basic production techniques using sandal making as a practical example. It covered materials, tools, processes, and quality control measures necessary for producing simple leather products.

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1.15 Assessment Questions

1. List materials used in sandal production

2. Explain the steps in making sandals

3. Identify tools used in sandal production

4. Describe safety precautions

5. Explain quality control measures

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1.16 Final Practical Project

Each student should produce:

• One complete pair of leather sandals

• Demonstrate proper finishing and quality

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